Geschrieben Ani, gesprochen Aniki, soweit ich weiß.

You are correct that both aniki and onii-san (or onii-chan) mean older brother, and that aniki is used both within a family and within a yakuza group. Here are the subtleties:
Onii-san is the normal polite way to refer to one's own older brother. Onii-chan is similar, but a bit more casual. Both can be used by a younger brother or a younger sister.
Aniki is used to refer to one's own older brother too, but it is only used by a younger brother (not a younger sister). Compared to onii-san, aniki is not impolite by any means, but it does have a certain "rougher" connotation. Depending on the family, it may or may not be appropriate to use aniki at the family dinner table. But if the brothers were out of the house together, aniki would be common.
Aniki is also used by a yakuza to refer to one's own senior yakuza. As lakelover mentioned, a yakuza group is considered to be family, and this is why aniki is used. I would add that aniki is typically used by a junior yakuza to refer to a yakuza who is one level his senior, usually his direct boss or group leader. It's hard to think of a scenario where a junior yakuza would need to speak by name to a yakuza who is more than one level his senior, but in the rare case, possibly something like oyaji-san could be used. Like aniki is to onii-san, oyaji-san is a polite but rougher way to say father (instead of the normal otoo-san).
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